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When files are moved between different operating systems, or stored in a common file system such equally AFS, you may sometimes observe that characters such as ÅÄÖ are shown incorrectly.

A character encoding determines which binary sequence is used to represent each letter, or other character. Many different means to encode text have been used throughout the years. CSC'south Unix systems have traditionally used "Latin-1" (ISO-8859-1), which contains the messages used in western European languages. Other operating systems have used other encodings, e.g. "Mac Roman" on Mac OS, "CP-1252" on MS Windows, or "CP-437" on MS DOS. All of these are extensions of ASCII (basically, American letters, digits and punctuation), which ways that such characters are displayed correctly. But absolute letters differ. In particular, the Swedish letters ÅÄÖ are non displayed correctly

These days, most OSs can apply some grade of UTF-8, but you lot may need to configure the applications to use it. To do so y'all choose a locale, which defines formatting many settings specific to a language and region, for example:

• Number formatting (e.grand. using "1 234,five" or "i,234.five")
• Engagement and time formatting
• String collation (i.e. sort order, so that "ångström" is sorted under A in English but Å in Swedish)

The locale is written as «language»_«variant».«encoding», eastward.k. "en_US.UTF-8" (American English language, UTF-eight) or "en_GB.ISO8859-1" (British English language, latin-1).

Wikipedia'south explanation of latin1 (external link)

Wikipedia'southward caption of locales (external link)

Converting a file

To catechumen the contents of a file, y'all can open it in a locale-aware editor, and "salvage as..."
a different encoding, or use the iconv command-line tool:

iconv -f iso8859-1 -t utf-8 < original.txt > new.txt

When logging in remotely (with SSH), you can normally configure your local settings to be forwarded. Unfortunately, not all SSH servers support this. Currently (equally of November 2010), CSC's Solaris SSH server does non permit forwarding of environment variables, which is needed for this to work. The relevant locales (en_US.UTF-eight, sv_SE.UTF-eight) are available on Solaris, and y'all tin set them manually, simply they won't be used past default.

Problem: ÅÄÖ shown as ���

Your application uses latin1 characters, but your terminal (or editor) tries to display them equally UTF-eight. Configure your awarding to utilize UTF-8 (meet below), or modify your last settings to utilize ISO-8859-1.

Problem: ÅÄÖ shown every bit åäö

Your application uses UTF-8, but they are displayed as latin1. Configure your application to use ISO-8859-1 (meet below), or alter your terminal settings to use UTF-8.

Trouble: ÅÄÖ shown as ���

Your application is press U+FFFD, the Unicode replacement grapheme (�, commonly displayed as a question mark on inverted background). This is then converted as if it were in latin1 to UTF-8 (a U+FFFD character in UTF-8 uses three bytes). Check the settings for all applications — including the concluding window — to ensure that they all agree on which encoding to use.

Select locale (application settings)

If your awarding is locale aware (most are, simply not some legacy CSC applications), then you tin select the locale past

export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 ## bash

setenv LC_ALL en_US.UTF-viii ## tcsh

and then run your application. To merely configure the character encoding, modify the LC_CTYPE environment variable instead.

You can as well select which locale to use when yous log in locally, simply this may cause trouble when you apply a different operating organisation. We recommend that you utilise the default settings and re-configure the applications instead.

Configuring terminal encoding

Ubuntu

The encoding used by Gnome'due south terminal can be change nether Last and then Prepare Character Encoding, but unless you accept previously done and then, you demand to add the "Western (ISO-8859-1)" encoding.

Mac OS Ten

The default settings for Terminal.app is to use UTF-viii. This tin can be changed by going to Final then Preferences… then Avant-garde.

The default for X11.app'south xterm is to use latin1. You can change this past editing the startup sequence for X11, but information technology's easier to just apply Terminal.app.

MS Windows

PuTTY'due south settings can be changed under Window then Translation in the configuration dialog.

CSC's Windows computers currently run SSH Secure Shell from Tectia (formerly SSH Communications Security Corp). Information technology is not UTF-8 aware, and will default to using latin1 encoding.

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Source: https://intra.kth.se/en/it/arbeta-pa-distans/unix/encoding-1.71788

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